answer:The text uses Sir Austin Bradford Hill's criteria for determining causal relationships in epidemiological studies to argue that chrysotile asbestos can cause mesothelioma. The text provides evidence for each of the criteria, including studies of workers exposed to chrysotile, observation of mesothelioma cases in chrysotile miners and workers, and laboratory evidence showing that chrysotile can cause mesothelioma in rats. The text also argues that the asbestos industry has manipulated scientific data to downplay the risks of chrysotile exposure. Overall, the text suggests that chrysotile asbestos can cause mesothelioma and that the industry may be acting to protect its interests rather than public health.

answer:Sure, here's a summarized list of Hill's criteria for determining causal relationships in epidemiological studies based on the evidence presented in the text: - Strength: Size of effect in a study (numerous studies of workers exposed to chrysotile demonstrate that the risk of contracting mesothelioma after exposure is more than double the risk of workers who have not been exposed). - Consistency: Effect shown to be repeated in different conditions (cases of mesothelioma have been observed in chrysotile miners and workers throughout the world). - Specificity: A specific site and specific condition without other likely explanation (all asbestos related disease, mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis and pleural thickening, all can be caused by exposure to chrysotile). - Temporality: Cause precedes the effect (given the latency period, the exposure to chrysotile will precede the development of mesothelioma). - Biological Gradient: Greater exposure gives rises to greater incidence of the effect (any exposure to chrysotile raises the risk of development of mesothelioma). - Plausibility: Mechanism between cause and effect (it is known that chrysotile is carcinogenic and is a cause of mesothelioma). - Coherence: Any inconsistency with epidemiological findings (no clinical argument has been raised that explains why chrysotile cannot cause mesothelioma). - Experiment: Laboratory evidence to support or deny (laboratory studies confirm that chrysotile can cause mesothelioma in rats). - Analogy: Effect of similar factors to be considered (all asbestos fibres cause mesothelioma, and chrysotile exposure on its own can cause mesothelioma). Overall, the text argues that chrysotile asbestos can cause mesothelioma based on evidence that satisfies Hill's criteria for determining causal relationships in epidemiological studies.

answer:Chrysotile asbestos use is currently not banned in the United States, although many other developed countries have banned its use due to health concerns. As of 2021, the US continues to import and use chrysotile asbestos in a limited number of applications, such as in the manufacturing of chlorine and sodium hydroxide production, as well as in some automotive and construction materials. However, the use and importation of other forms of asbestos have been banned in the US since the 1980s. In many developing countries, chrysotile asbestos continues to be widely used in construction and other industries despite evidence of its carcinogenic properties. Lack of regulation and limited public awareness of the dangers of asbestos exposure contribute to its continued use in these countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 100,000 people worldwide die from asbestos-related diseases each year, and the majority of these deaths are due to exposure to chrysotile asbestos. In recent years, the WHO has called for a global ban on the use of all forms of asbestos.

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